Optical circuits

ABSTRACT

This application describes a variety of circuit components for use at optical frequencies. Each of the components is formed from one or more transparent dielectric strips embedded in a transparent substrate of slightly lower refractive index. By suitably shaping and locating the guiding strips, power dividers, modulators, directional couplers, and a variety of filters can be realized. Tuning arrangements are also disclosed.

[72] Xnventor Enrique A. J. Mnrean'li Rnmaol, NJ. [21] AppL No. 750,816 [22] Fiied Aug. 7, 1968 {45] Patented June'29, 1971 [73] Assignee Bdl Tekpbone Laboratories, lntorponted Murray H111, Berkeley Heights, NJ.

(54} OPTICAL CIRCUITS 18 Claims, 27 Drawing Fig. [52] US. C1 350/96, 250/39, 333/10, 333/76, 333/83, 350/160, 356/256 [51] Int. C1. G021) 5/14,

H0 1.p 5/14, 1101p 7/06 [50] Fieid 01Senrd| 350/96, 96 W0; 333/10, 73, 76, 83 [56] Reknnea Cited UN1T ED STATES PATENTS 2,751,558 6/1956 Grieg et a1. 333/73 (8) 2,930,004 3/1960 Coale 333/10 X 3,025,481 3/1962 Bowman 333/10X 3,092,790 6/1963 Leak: et a1. 333/10 3.208342 9/1965 Nethereot, Jr ..350/(96 WG UX) 9/1966 F rank Primary Examiner-John K. Corbin Attorney-R. .1. Guenther and Arthur J. Torsiglieri ABSTRACT: Thi3 6 1 1166116" 663666;; 11666 67 6116611 components for use at optical frequencies. Each 01' the components is formed from one or more transparent dielectric strips embedded in a transparent substrate of slightly lower refractive index. By suitably shaping and locating the guiding strips, power dividers, modulators, directional couplers, and a variety of filters can be realized. Tuning arrangements are also- PATENTEUJUNZSIBTI 3.589.794

mm 1 OF 8 INVENTOR 5. AJ. MAfiCAT/L/ PATENTEDJUHZQIH?! 3589794 sum 2 or 8 FIG. 6 PRIOR ART FIG. 7B 76' 7 m PATENTEnxuuzemn 3583794 SHEET 3 OF 8 OUTPUT fit Af OUTPUT PATENTEDJUNZSISY: 3,589,794

SHEET {1F 8 P76. /4 PRIOR ART PATENTEU JUH29 1971 SHEET 5 OF 8 FIG. /7

PATENTEU M29 1% SHEET 7 [1F 8 PATENTEDJUHZQiS?! 3.589.794

SHEET 8 BF 8 VARIAB SIGNAL SOURCE FIG. 24

TO DETECTOE 242 244 SI NAL 6 OUT OPTICAL CIRCUITS This invention relates to optical circuits.

BACKGROUND OF THE. INVENTION In my copending application Ser. No. 730,l92, filed May 17, 1968, there is described a dielectric waveguide for guiding electromagnet wave energy in the infrared, visible and ultraviolet portions of the frequency spectrum, referred to collectively as "optical" waves. Such waveguides are of particular interest in that they are very small and can be manufactured very inexpensively using currently available solid state fabricating techniques. However, for this type ofwaveguide to be useful in a communication system, circuit elements must be devised that are both capable of performing such circuit functions as modulation, power dividing, channel dropping, band passing, band rejecting, etc. and are, at the same time, consistent with the waveguide structure.

SUMMARY OFTHE INVENTION In accordance with the present invention, filters of various types are described which comprise a combination of a few basic optical circuit components including reactive terminations, directional couplers, resonant circuits and power dividers. For example, a directional coupler can be formed by either two guiding strips of specified length and spacing, or by two intersecting strips. In the former arrangement, the power division ratio varies as a function of the length of the coupling interval and the spacing between strips. In the second arrangement the power division ratio varies as a function of the angle of intersection.

Either coupler can be converted to a reactive termination by interconnecting one of the two pairs of conjugate branches of the coupler. Alternatively, longitudinally dividing a single strip into two branches, which are then connected together at their respective ends to form a closed loop, also produces a reactive termination. Terminations of this type are used in lieu of mirrors, and have the advantage of being much simpler and, hence, less expensive to fabricate.

Various filter arrangements are described employing combinations of resonant loops, directional couplers and reactive terminations. Variable phase shifters are also disclosed for producing modulation, for tuning filters, and for adjusting the power division ratio of power dividers.

These and other objects and advantages, the nature of the present invention, and its various features will appear more fully upon consideration of the various illustrative embodimenu. now to be described in detail in connection with the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIGS. 1 and 2 show two embodiments of a directional coupler;

FIGS. 3 and 4 show arrangements for reactively terminating a dielectric waveguide;

FIG. 5 shows a cavity structure;

FIG. 6, included for purposes of explanation, shows a prior art 1' icrowave band-rejection filter;

F GS. 7A, 78, 8A, 8B, 9, I0, II, 12 and I3 show various embodiments of band-rejection filters in accordance with the invention;

FIG. 14, included for purposes of explanation, shows a prior art microwave band-pass filter;

FIGS. 15A and 158 show band-pass filters in accordance with the invention;

FIG. 16, included for purposes of explanation, shows a prior art microwave channel-dropping filter;

FIG. 17 shows a channel-dropping filter in accordance with the invention;

FIG. I8 shows an alternative embodiment of a channeldropping filter using only one cavity per channel;

FIG. 19 shows a mechanical arrangement for tuning a cavity;

FIG. 20 shows an alternative tuning arrangement;

FIGS. 21, 22 and 23 show three embodiments ofa variable power divider; and

FIG. 24 shows a wavemeter.

Directional Couplers Before proceeding with a discussion of the various circuits, a number of basic circuit elements, used to form these circuits, are described. Of these, the first element, illustrated in FIG. I, is a directional coupler comprising two transparent (low-loss) dielectric strips I0 and II, embedded in a second transparent dielectric material 12 of lower refractive index. The strips are either totally embedded in substrate I2, in which case the second dielectric material is in contact with all the surfaces of strips 10 and II, or alternatively, the strips are only partially embedded in the substrate, in which case the second dielectric material is in contact with only some of the strip surface. In the illustrative embodiment of FIG. I, the strips are partially embedded with the upper surface of each strip exposed to the surrounding medium which, typically, is air. A third dielectric material may be placed in contact with, or in close proximity to the exposed strip surface to modify the electrical length of the strip, as will be explained in greater detail hereinbelow.

The strips, which are normally widely spaced-apart, extend relatively close to each other over a coupling interval I... The power coupled between the strips is a function of their refractive index n; the coupling interval L; the width a of the strips; their separation a and the refractive index of the substrate. Total transfer of power is obtained when where A is the free space wavelength of the guided wave energy;

n( l-A) (l-5) is the refractive index of the region of the substrate between the guiding strips; and

n( l-A) is the refractive index of the rest of the substrate.

For the particular case where A=0.0l, 8=0, rr=l.5 and a=c =A, the coupling interval L for total power transfer is equal to 700A. For a 3 db. coupler, L/2=350A, or odd multiples thereof.

The length of the coupling interval necessary to couple a given amount of power between strips can be conveniently varied by controlling the refractive index of the region of the substrate between the strips. For example, if 8=0.l7, the coupling length is reduced to one-half of that computed above for 6=0.

FIG. 2 shows a second embodiment of a directional coupler in accordance with the present invention comprising two crossed guiding strips 20 and 2! embedded in a dielectric substrate 22. When the angle 0 between strips is equal to none of the power propagating along either strip is coupled to the other strip. As the angle of intersection decreases, the power coupled between strips increases, reaching a maximum value of one-half as 6 approaches zero. Neglecting losses, the power coupled varies approximately as the square of the cosine of the angle between the strips. Thus, in operation, a signal of amplitude E, propagating along strip 20, as represented by arrow 23, divides at the intersection of strips 20 and 21. Neglecting losses, a signal component proportional to 0.707 E Cos'd, represented by arrow 24, is coupled to strip 21. The balance of the signal represented by arrow 25 continues to propagate along strip 20.

In the remaining description that now-follows, the illustrative circuit components and transmission lines in each of the embodiments shall be understood to comprise, as in FIG. 1, a transparent guiding strip partially or totally embedded in a transparent dielectric substrate of lower refractive index. However, in order to simplify the discussion, reference will be made only to the guiding strip portion of the transmission line, it being understood at all times, that the guiding strip is embedded in a suitable substrate.

Reactive Terminations FIG. 3 shows a first embodiment of a reactive termination for use with a dielectric waveguide. In accordance with the invention, the termination is formed by longitudinally dividing the guiding strip 30 into two branches 32 and 33, which are joined together at their respective ends to form a closed loop.

In operation. the incident wave energy, indicated by arrow 35, divides into two components 36 and 37 in branches 32 and 33, respectively. The components traverse identical paths around the loop and recombine in strip 30 into a single beam 38 propagating in the opposite direction. The effect, therefore, is that all the incident wave energy is reflected by the loop. Advantageously, branching is accomplished over an extended interval, with the transverse dimension of strip 30 increasing gradually as division occurs.

FIG. 4 shows an alternative embodiment of a reactive termination using a 3 db. coupler of the type shown in FIG. I. In this embodiment, a guiding strip 40 is coupled to branch 1 ofa Sdb. coupler 45 formed by means of a pair of coextensively extending dielectric strips 41 and 44. Branch 2, which is conjugate to branch 1, is advantageously resistively terminated by a means of a lossy material 42. The second pair of conjugate branches 3 and 4 of coupler 45 are coupled together by means of a second guiding strip 43.

In operation, an input signal E/O, represented by arrow 46, is coupled to coupler 45 wherein it is divided into two equal components 0.707 5/0 and 0.707 E/90, represented by arrows 47 and 48, respectively. Component 47 is guided to branch 4 of coupler 45 by means of guide strip 43 wherein it is further divided to produce a component 0.5 El90+9 in branch 1 and a component 0.5 filo-+0 in branch 2, where 9 is the phase shift produced in guide strip 43. Similarly, component 48 is guided to branch 3 ofcoupler 45 by means ofguide strip 43 wherein it also is divided to produce a component 0.5 E90+9 in branch I and a component 0.5 Ell80+6 in branch 2. Since the two components in branch 1 have the same phase, they add constructively to produce an output signal 49 equal to E/90-l-0. The two components in branch 2, on the other hand, being 180 out of phase, add destructively to produce, ideally, no signal in branch 2. Resistive termination 42 absorbs any resultant signal that may be produced in branch 2 due to any imbalance in the system.

Resonant Cavity The final circuit element to be considered is the cavity structure of FIG. 5, comprising a closed loop of guide strip 50 embedded in a substrate 51. The loop, in general, can have any shape as will be illustrated in the various circuits to be described in greater detail hereinbelow.

Band-Rejection Filters Basically, all embodiments of the filter now to be described are the equivalent of the prior art microwave bandrejection filter shown inFlG. 6. In general, the latter comprises a section of rectangular waveguide 60 and a standing wave resonant cavity 61 tuned to the center of the frequency band to be rejected. Coupling between waveguide 60 and cavity 61 is provided by means of a pair of longitudinally spaced coupling apertures 62 and 63. Typically, the bandwidth of the rejected band varies as a function of both the size of the apertures and their spacing.

With certain modifications, dictated by the much shorter wavelengths at optical frequencies, each of the filters now to be described is similar to the microwave filter in that each includes a transmission line coupled, by means of a pair of spaced coupling regions 'to a resonant cavity that is tuned to the center of the frequency band to be rejected. However, whereas a microwave cavity can be made of the order of a wavelength long, this cannot be conveniently done at optical frequencies. Similarly, relatively short coupling intervals assume traveling wave characteristics at optical frequencies and become directional, thus causing the coupled wave energy to propagate in only one direction within the cavity. Because of these differences, a filter at optical frequencies cannot be made by the simple expedient of scaling down the dimensions of a microwave filter.

FIG. 7A shows a first embodiment of a band-rejection filter in accordance with the present invention. The filter includes a transmission line, comprising a dielectric strip 70, coupled to a figure-eight resonant cavity 76 along two, longitudinally spaced coupling intervals 72 and 73.

Cavity 76 can be formed in either of two ways. In a first arrangement, the two portions 77 and 78 of the figure-eight at the crossover region are physically separated from eachothcr by means of a layer of transparent dielectric material. In a second arrangement, such as is illustrated in FIG. 7A, the two portions 77 and 78 intersect. in this latter case the crossover is made with the two portions at right angles to each other in order to avoid cross-coupling.

As was explained hereinabove in connection with FIG. I, at optical frequencies coupling between strips, even over very small physical intervals, produces directional coupling. Thus, wave energy coupled between transmission line strip 70 and thecavity. strip at each of the two coupling intervals, produces a traveling wave which propagates away from each of the coupling intervals in only one direction. In order to produce a standing wave in cavity 76, the filter structure is arranged such that the two coupled waves propagate in opposite directions along strip 75. In the embodiment of FIG. 7A this is accomplished by the figure-eight configuration ofcavity 76.

In operation, a signal, having frequency components which extend over a band of frequencies between f, and f,, propagates along strip 70. A small portion of this wave energy is coupled into cavity 76 at each of the coupling intervals 72 and 73. As indicated by the arrows along the cavity strip 75, the coupled energy is directional and propagates away from the coupling regions in the indicated directions. Because of the figure-eight configuration of cavity 76, however, the two propagating waves flow along strip 75 in opposite directions to form a standing wave which builds up at the cavity resonant frequency f,.

In a microwave band-rejection filter of the type shown in FIG. 6, the bandwidth of the rejected band varies as a function of both the spacing between coupling apertures and the coefficient of couplingof the apertures. In the embodiment of FIG. 7A, however, the bandwidth is independent'of the spacing between coupling intervals 72 and 73, and depends only upon the coupling coefficient.

Designating the filter bandwidth as 2A), the rejected frequencies, fiAf, are reflected back along strip 70. The balance of the signal frequencies continues along strip 70.

In order to control the shape of the rejected band, a plurality of cavities can be cascaded as shown schematically in FIG. 7B. In this embodiment, three cavities 76', 76" and 76" are cou led to transmission line 70'. The cavities can be tuned to eitl' Jr the same frequency or stagger tuned to different frequencies.

Because cavity 76 is so long relative to the wavelength of the signal energy, it is a multifrequency cavity and, hence, is resonant at a plurality of frequencies for which its length is equal to integral multiples of half a wavelength. Preferably, cavity 76 is made short enough so that the next adjacent resonance falls outside the band f,...f,. However, as the curvature of the loop is reduced in an effort to decrease the overall size of the cavity, the radiation losses tend to increase.

These conflicting limitations are partially resolved by the arrangement of FIG. 8A. In this embodiment a circular cavity 80, which is approximately half the size of the figure-eight cavity of FIG. 7A, is used. In order to provide two coupling intcrvals for coupling wave energy into cavity 80 in opposite directions, the transmission line strip 81 is formed in a loop 84. One coupling interval 82, between cavity 80 and strip 8I, is located along strip 81 outside loop 84. The second coupling region 83, between cavity 80 and strip 81, is located along the loop. To avoid any cross-coupling, the crossover can be made with either the two ends of loop 84 intersecting at right angles to each other, as shown, or by physically separating the two ends by means of a layer of low-loss material.

A second cavity can be coupled to the system as shown schematically in FIG. 88 wherein two cavities 80' and 80 are coupled to transmission line 81 and loop 84'. As in the previous embodiment shown in FIG. 7B, the cavities can be tuned to the same frequency or to different frequencies.

FIGS. 9, I0, 11, I2 and 13 show various additional alternative embodiments of band-rejection filters in accordance with the invention. In the first of these additional embodiments, shown in FIG. 9, the cavity 90 intersects the transmission line 91 at right angles at two longitudinally spaced positions 92 and 93. In between these two positions, the transmission line is directionally coupled to both sides of the intersected cavity along two coupling intervals 94 and 95. As in the embodimerits of FIGS. 7 and 8, the signals coupled into cavity 90 at the two coupling intervals flow in opposite directions.

As in the embodiments of FIGS. 7A and 8A, the cavity and the transmission line can be, alternatively, physically and electrically isolated from each other at the crossover positions 92 and 93 by placing a layer of low-loss dielectric material between them. In this latter arrangement, the angle between the cavity and the transmission line at the two crossovers can be different than 90.

In the embodiment of FIG. 10, the cavity 100 is in the form ofa right-angle figure-eight, with each one of the loops of the figure-eight symmetrically disposed on opposite sides of an intersecting transmission line I01. In order to preclude any cross-coupling between strip portions 102 and 103 of cavity 100 at the crossover region 104, strip portions I02 and 103 intersect at right angles. To produce equal coupling between the transmission line and each of the strip portions, transmission line I01 intersects the cavity at the crossover region 104 so as to bisect the angle between strip portions 102 and I03.

The disadvantage of the embodiment of FIG. It) lies in the fact that the coupling angle between the transmission line and cavity 100 is fixed at 45. The coupling can be reduced, how' ever, by the addition of a dielectric spacer between the cavity and the transmission line at the crossover.

Alternative embodiments which permit freedom in selecting the angle ofintersection and, hence, the coupling between the cavity and transmission line are shown in FIGS. I I and I3.

In the embodiment of FIG. 11, the cavity 110, which comprises a length of transmission line III reactively terminated at both ends, can be made to intersect the transmision line I12 at any arbitrary angle. The particular cavity terminations I13 and I14 used in this embodiment are those illustrated in FIG. 3. Alternatively, the termination arrangement of FIG. 4 can also be used.

FIG. 12 is a modification of the filter of FIG. 11 in which the cavity, which comprises a length of transmission line 125 reactively terminated at both ends, id directionally coupled to the signal wavepath I21 over a coupling interval 127. In this embodiment, reactive terminations I22 and 123 are of the variety illustrated in FIG. 4.

In the embodiment of FIG. 13, the cavity I33 is in the form of an oval that intersects the transmission line 124 at two Iongitudinally spaced locations. To insure equal coupling at the two intersections, the angle of intersection a between the transmission line and the cavity segments I32 and 131 is equal. The smaller the angle the greater is the coupling and the larger is the bandwidth of the filter.

Though not shown, it is understood that in each of the above-described filters, a plurality of cavities can be cascaded along the wavepath to control the shape of the filter, and that the cavities can be tuned to either the same frequency or to different frequencies as each particular application may require.

Band-Pass Filter FIG. I4, included for purposesofexplanation, shows a typical microwave band-pass filter comprising a section of rectangular waveguide I40 in which there is located a cavity 141. The latter is formed by means of a pair of longitudinally spaced reactances consisting of metallic septa I42 and I43 containing coupling holes 144 and I45.

In operation, a signal having components between frequencies f and f and propagating along waveguide 140, is incident upon cavity I41. The latter, tuned to a frequency f, within said band, passes only signal components within the band fAf, where the cavity bandwidth ZAfis a function of the coefficients of coupling of apertures 144 and 145. The remaining signal components f,...(f-Af), (f,+Afl...f, are reflected by the filter.

FIG. 15A shows an optical frequency band-pass filter in accordance with the present invention. Comparing elements of the latter with the filter shown in FIG. I4, strip corresponds to waveguide 140; cavity I51 corresponds to cavity I41; loops I52 and 153 correspond to septa 142 and 143; and the coupling intervals I54 and between cavity I5] and loops 152 and I53, respectively, correspond to coupling apertures I44 and I45.

The band-pass of the filter shown in FIG. ISA is detennined by the frequency f, at which cavity 151 resonates, and the coupling (loading) defined by coupling intervals 154 and 155. The operation of this filter is the same as the filter of FIG. 14.

It will be recognized that the loop terminations I52 and 153 can, alternatively, be replaced by the termination shown in FIG. 4. In addition, the shape of the pass-hand can be controlled by employing a plurality of cavities as indicated schematically in FIG. 158 wherein three cavities ISI', 15]" and 151" are shown cascaded between line-terminating loops I52 and 153'. The cavities can be tuned to the same frequency or can be stagger-tuned to different frequencies.

C hannel-Dropping Filters The third filter structure now to be considered is the channel-dropping filter wherein one of a plurality of channels is separated from the others. FIG. 16 shows a typical prior art channel-dropping filter, for use at microwave frequencies,

of the cavities 161 to an output waveguide 165 by means of a I second coupling aperture 166 in cavity- 161. The remaining channelsf uf fl sf, continue propagating along waveguide I60.

An optical channel-dropping filter, in accordance with the present invention, comprises an optical transmission line, a pair of longitudinally spaced cavities, of the types disclosed in FIGS. 7-13, and a second transmission line coupled to one of said cavities. One specific embodiment of such a filter is shown in FIG. 17 wherein two longitudinally spaced cavities 170 and 171, of the type shown in FIG. 11, are coupled to a transmission line 172. The dropped channel is coupled out of cavity 170 by means of a loop-terminated line 173. Coupling between cavity 170 and line I73 is along the adjacent region 174 therebetween.

As. indicated above, any of the other cavities described herein, or combinations thereof, can be used instead of the particular cavity shown. Similarly, the open loop-termination of FIG. 3 can be used instead of the closeddoop arrangement of FIG. I.

The use of two cavities in each of the channel-dropping filtcrs shown in FIGS. 16 and 17 is necessary if all the energy at frequency), is to be extracted from the circuit. For example, if the second cavity 162 in FIG. 16 was not included, the energy coupled into waveguide 160 from cavity 161 through aperture 163 would propagate away from cavity 161 in both the forward and backward directions. The coupled component that propagates in the forward direction would be partially canccled by a portion of the incident wave. There would be, however, no waveguide signal propagating in the backward direction to cancel the backward propagating signal component. To provide such a signal is the function of the second cavity 162. Similarly, in the embodiment of FIG. 17, cavity 171 is included to cancel the backward propagating signal component coupled onto line 172 by cavity 170.

It is clear from the above discussion that a second cavity is required only because the first cavity coupled wave energy back into the main transmission path in the backward direction. Thus, if this bidirectional coupling could be eliminated, the second cavity could also be eliminated.

It will be recalled, from the description of the directional coupler shown in FIG. 1, that, at optical frequencies, coupling over very small physical intervals tends to be directional. This feature, in fact, made it necessary to provide two coupling regions in the band-rejection filters described above. This feature can also be used to good effect as a means of eliminating the second cavity in a channel-dropping filter, as will be explained in connection with FIG. 18.

In the embodiment of FIG. 18, a plurality of longitudinally spaced cavities 180, 181, 182 and 183 are directionally coupled to a transmission line 184. Each cavity is tuned to a different one of the channels f,...f,. The dropped channel is directionally coupled out of the respective cavities and into separate output circuits 185, 186, 187 and 188.

In operation, a small portion of the incident signal is coupled into the first cavity 180. The balance of the signal tends to continue along line 184. Because of the directional nature of the coupling, the coupled energy propagates around cavity 180 in only one direction. For purposes of explanation and identification, the incident signal is indicated by arrow 1'; the coupled signal portion by arrow 2'; and the uncoupled signal portion by arrow 4'. The signal at frequencyf,, at which cavity 180 is resonant, builds up and couples back into transmission line 184, as indicated by arrow 3'. However, because the coupling is directional, the signal coupled back onto the transmission line propagates only in the forward direction where it cancels the uncoupled portion 4' of the f, signal. Thus, by utilizing the directional properties of small coupling lengths at optical frequencies, single cavity channel-dropping filters can be realized.

Each of the dropped channels is directionally coupled out of the respective cavities and into output circuits 185, 186, 187 and 188. Each of the optical signals thus obtained can then be detected by suitable means such as, for example, photodiodes 189, 190, 191 and 192. Alternatively, a film traveling perpendicular to the paper is simultaneously exposed to all of the output circuits, and records a continuous spectral analysis of the signal.

As explained above, each of the cavities 180, 181, 182 and 183 can be replaced by a plurality of cavities, cascaded between transmission line 184 and each of the respective output circuits, as a means of shaping the pass band of each of the channels.

Tuning In all of the illustrative embodiments discussed thus far, the cavities were assumed to be resonant at the exact frequency of interest. As a practical matter this could notbe readily achieved without an unusual degree of precision in the manufacturing process. It is, accordingly, advantageous to provide some means for tuning the cavities. This, in addition to relaxing the manufacturing'tolerances and. thereby, reducing manufacturing cost, makes it possible to change the frequency response of the filter and, as will be shown, makes possible a number of variable circuit elements such as variable attenuators, modulators, variable power dividers, and switches.

A first mechanical method of tuning is illustrated in FIG. 19, which shows, for purposes of illustration, the band-rejection filter of FIG. 7A comprising a transmission line 193 and a figure-eight cavity 194 made of a material having a refractive index n. Tuning is accomplished by bringing a transparent (low-loss) dielectric member 195 having a refractive index n, n in close proximity to the cavity.

The closer the tuning member is to the cavity (the smaller the spacing d) or the greater the area of the cavity that is covered by the tuning member, the lower the frequency. Thus, tuning can be accomplished by either a vertical movement of the tuning member, which changes the distance d, or by a horizontal movement which varies the proportion ofthe cavity.

covered by the tuning member.

An alternative arrangement involves electrically varying the refractive indices of the guiding strip and/or the substrate of the circuit portion to be tuned. One such an arrangement is illustratcd in FIG. 20, which shows the cross section ofa dielcc tric waveguide comprising a substrate 200 and a guiding strip 201. The waveguide can be a portion of any of the circuit members described hereinabove.

If either the guiding strip 201 or the substrate 200 or both are made of an electro-optic material, the electrical length of the guide can be varied by applying a variable electric field to the clectro-optic material. This can be conveniently done by means of a pair of electrodes 202 and 203 placed on opposite sides of the dielectric waveguide and connected to a variable direct current source 204.

Basically, both of the tuning arrangements described above have the effect of changing the electrical length of the waveguide, i.e., change the phase shift through the waveguide. This phenomenon can also be used for purposes other than tuning a cavity, as illustrated in FIGS. 21 and 22.

Power-Dividers, Modulators, Switches The circuits now to be described in connection with FIGS. 21, 22, and 23 can be used in any one of a variety of ways, such as a power-divider, modulator or switch. Each involves dividing the signal power in response to an applied signal.

The arrangement of FIG. 21 comprises a pair of transmission lines 210 and 211, directionally coupled to each other at two longitudinally spaced regions 212 and 213 to form a pair of 3 db. directional couplers. One (or both) of the connecting wavepaths 214 and 215 between coupling regions includes a variable phase shifter 216 of either the mechanical or electrical variety described hereinabove.

In operation, a signal applied to port a of the power-divider divides between output ports b and c of the divider. The pro portion of the input signal that reaches these two output ports depends upon the differential phase shift experienced by the signal components propagating through wavepaths 214 and 215. If the phase shifts in the two paths are equal, '(zero differential phase shift) all of the input signal recombines in port b, and none reaches port c. If, on the ol'ier hand, the relative phase shifts in the two paths differ by all of the energy recombines in port c and none reaches port b. For differential phase shifts greater than 0 and less than the power divides between branches b and c. Thus, by varying the phase shift in wavepath 214, the power divides in correspondingly varying proportions between ports b and c. All of the power can, alternatively, be switched between ports b and c by switching the differential phase shift in the two wavepaths between 0 and 180'.

FIG. 22 is an alternative embodimentofa variable power divider utilizing only one directional coupling region 220. In this arrangement, adjacent sections of transmission lines 2% and 225 are reactively terminated by means of loop-terminations 221 and 222. A phase shifter 223 is located in one of the lines 225. In operation an input signal applied to part a of the divider divides between lines 2% and 225. The two components are reflected back to the coupling region by terminations 22] and 222, and recombine in ports a and b. The resulting power distribution in ports a and b is a function of the relative electrical lengths of transmission lines 224 and 225. Accordingly, by controlling the phase shift in line 225, the proportion of power at ports a and b can readily be varied.

H0. 23 is a third embodiment of a variable power divider comprising a directional coupler 238 of the type described in connection with FIG. 1. As was disclosed hereinabove, the power division ration of such a coupler varies as a function of the refractive indices of the guiding strip and of the substrate. In particular, it was noted that a convenient and effective way of changing the coupling is to change the refractive index of the region of the substrate along the coupling interval. Accordingly the substrate 230 is made of an electro-optic material, and a pair of electrodes 23] and 232 are located on opposite sides of that portion of the substrate between guiding strips 233 and 234. A variable signal source 235 is connected to the electrodes.

In operation, a signal applied to branch a of directional coupler 238 divides between branches b and c, in a ratio that is a function of the parameters of the coupler, as defined by equation l To vary the power division ratio, the electric field ap plied across the substrate is changed. Depending upon the magnitude and nature of this change, the device can be used either as a switch, or as a signal modulator.

In an alternative arrangement, the power division ratio can be varied by modulating the refractive index of the guiding strips 233 and 234 over the coupling interval.

Wavemeter The techniques described hereinabove can also be employed in a wavemeter configuration to monitor the signal frequency, as illustrated in H0. 24. The wavemeter comprises a tunable cavity 240 loosely coupled to a pair of transmission lines 241 and 242. One of said lines 241 is the signal line. The other line 242 is coupled to a signal detector, which is not shown.

In operation, the frequency of the wave energy propagating along line 241 is determined by tuning cavity 240 until an indication is obtained at the detector. Tuning can be done electrically or mechanically. In FIG. 24 a mechanical arrangement is shown in which a dielectric member 243 is moved over cavity 240. By placing frequency calibration markings 244 alongside the cavity, the frequency of the'signal can be read directly.

Since the purpose of a wavemeter is only to sample the signal and not to abstract any significant portion of the signal out of line 241, the coupling between cavity 240 and the output transmission line 242 is very much less than the coupling between cavity 240 and input transmission line 241.

While various circuits are primarily intended for use at optical frequencies and have been described with particular reference to the dielectric waveguide described in my aboveidentified copending application, it will be readily recognized that the specific embodiments described herein can be implemented at other than optical frequencies and with other wave guiding structures such as conductively bounded waveguides and strip transmission lines. Thus, in all cases it is understood that the above-described arrangements are illustrative of a small number of the many possible specific embodiments which can represent applications of the principles of the invention. Numerous and varied other arrangements can readily be devised in accordance with these principles by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

lclaim:

1. A reactive termination for a waveguide comprising:

a pair of transmission lines extending coextensively over a coupling interval to form a 3 db. directional coupler hav ing two pairs of conjugate ports;

one branch ofone pair ofconjugate branches being both the input and output branch of said termination;

a source of incident wave energy coupled to said one branch;

the other branch of said one pair of conjugate branches being resistively terminated;

and a third transmission line connecting the branches of said second pair of conjugate branches together.

2. The termination according to claim 1 wherein said transmission lines comprise a low-loss dielectric substrate and an elongated, low-loss guiding strip of higher refractive index embedded therein.

3. A bandrejection filter for electromagnetic wave energy comprising:

a length of transmission line;

and at least one resonant cavity tuned to the band of frequencies to be rejected;

first and second directional coupling means for coupling wave energy between said line and said cavity at two different locations along said cavity;

characterized in that said cavity is a closed loop, supportive of traveling waves;

and in that wave energy coupled from said line into said cavity at said two locations induce therein two equal, op positely propagating waves.

4. The filter according to claim 40 including a plurality of resonant cavities longitudinally distributed along said line, and wherein said line is directionally coupled to each cavity at two different locations.

5. The filter according to claim 4 wherein said cavities are tuned to the same frequencies.

6. The filter according to claim 4 wherein said cavities are stagger-tuned.

7. The filter according to claim 3 wherein said cavity is a figure-eight, and wherein said transmission line is directionally coupled to each loop ofsaid figure-eight.

8. The filter according to claim 7 wherein the crossed portions of said cavity at the crossover region of said figure-eight are electrically isolated from each other.

9. The filter according to claim 7 wherein the crossed portions of said cavity intersect at right angles.

10. The filter according to claim 3 wherein said cavity is a ring. and said transmission line includes a loop;

and wherein one coupling location is along said transmis sion line outside said loop, and the second coupling location is along said loop.

11. The filter according to claim 3 wherein said cavity is a closed loop;

wherein said transmission line intersects said cavity at right angles at two positions;

and wherein said transmission line is directionally coupled to opposite sides ofsaid intersected loop.

12. The filter according to claim 3 where said cavity is a closed loop;

wherein said transmission line extends across said cavity;

and wherein said transmission line is directionally coupled to the portions of said cavitylying on opposite sides thereof.

13. Thr filter according to claim 3 wherein said cavity is a closed loop;

and wherein said transmission line intersects said cavity at two locations at an angle less than 14. The filter according to claim 5 wherein said transmission lines comprise:

a low-loss dielectric substrate and an elongated, low-loss dielectric guiding strip of higher refractive index embedded therein.

IS. A band-rejection filter for electromagnetic wave energy comprising:

a section of transmission line;

a resonant cavity tuned to the band of frequencies to be rejected;

characterized in that said cavity is a right-angle figure-eight;

said cavity and said loop terminations.

17. The filter according to claim 16 wherein each of said transmission lines and said cavity comprise:

a low-loss dielectric substrate and an elongated. low-loss dielectric guiding strip of higher refractive index embedded therein.

18. The filter according to claim 16 including a plurality of resonant cavities cascaded between said lines wherein each cavity is directionally coupled to the next adjacent cavity UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE CERTIFICATE OF CORRECTION Patent No. 3,589,794 Dated June 29, 1971 Invenwfls) Enrique A. J. Marcatili It is certified that error appears in the above-identified patent and that said Letters Patent are hereby corrected as shown below:

Claim '4, line 1, change 40" to -3-.

Signed and sealed this 11 th day of December 1971.

(SEAL) Attest:

EDWARD M.FLETGHER,J'R. ROBERT GOTTSCHALK Attesting Officer Acting Commissioner of Patents FORM PO-HJSO (10-69) USCOMM-DC 60376-P69 e u 5' GOVERNMENT Pmmmo OFFICE 1969 O365 J3l 

1. A reactive termination for a waveguide comprising: a pair of transmission lines extending coextensively over a coupling interval to form a 3 db. directional coupler having two pairs of conjugate ports; one branch of one pair of conjugate branches being both the input and output branch of said termination; a source of incident wave energy coupled to said one branch; the other branch of said one pair of conjugate branches being resistively terminated; and a third transmission line connecting the branches of said second pair of conjugate branches together.
 2. The termination according to claim 1 wherein said transmission lines comprise a low-loss dielectric substrate and an elongated, low-loss guiding strip of higher refractive index embedded therein.
 3. A band-rejection filter for electromagnetic wave energy comprising: a length of transmission line; and at least one resonant cavity tuned to the band of frequencies to be rejected; first and second directional coupling means for coupling wave energy between said line and said cavity at two different locations along said cavity; characterized in that said cavity is a closed loop, supportive of traveling waves; and in that wave energy coupled from said line into said cavity at said two locations induce therein two equal, oppositely propagating waves.
 4. The filter according to claim 40 including a plurality of resonant cavities longitudinally distributed along said line, and wherein said line is directionally coupled to each cavity at two different locations.
 5. The filter according to claim 4 wherein said cavities are tuned to the same frequencies.
 6. The filter according to claim 4 wherein said cavities are stagger-tuned.
 7. The filter according to claim 3 wherein said cavity is a figure-eight, and wherein said transmission line is directionally coupled to each loop of said figure-eight.
 8. The filter according to claim 7 wherein the crossed portions of said cavity at the crossover region of said figure-eight are electrically isolated from each other.
 9. The filter according to claim 7 wherein the crossed portions of said cavity intersect at right angles.
 10. The filter according to claim 3 wherein said cavity is a ring, and said transmission line includes a loop; and wherein one coupling location is along said transmission line outside said loop, and the second coupling location is along said loop.
 11. The filter according to claim 3 wherein said cavity is a closed loop; wherein said transmission line intersects said cavity at right angles at two positions; and wherein said transmission line is directionally coupled to opposite sides of said intersected loop.
 12. The filter according to claim 3 where said cavity is a closed loop; wherein said transmission line extends across said cavity; and wherein said transmission line is directionally coupled to the portions of said cavity lying on opposite sides thereof.
 13. The filter according to claim 3 wherein said cavity is a closed loop; and wherein said transmission line intersects said cavity at two locations at an angle less than 90*.
 14. The filter according to claim 5 wherein said transmission lines comprise: a low-loss dielectric substrate and an elongated, low-loss dielectric guiding strip of higher refractive index embedded therein.
 15. A band-rejection filter for electromagnetic wave energy comprising: a section of transmission line; a resonant cavity tuned to the band of frequencies to be rejected; characterized in that said cavity is a right-angle figure-eight; and in that said transmission line intersects said cavity at the crossover region of said figure-eight at a 45* angle.
 16. A band-pass filter for electromagnetic wave energy comprising: first and second transmission lines having closed loop terminations; and at least one resonant cavity tuned to the band of frequencies to be passed; characterized in that said cavity is a closed loop, traveling wave structure; and in that wave energy is directionally coupled between said cavity and said loop terminations.
 17. The filter according to claim 16 wherein each of said transmission lines and said cavity comprise: a low-loss dielectric substrate and an elongated, low-loss dielectric guiding strip of higher refractive index embedded therein.
 18. The filter according to claim 16 including a plurality of resonant cavities cascaded between said lines wherein each cavity is directionally coupled to the next adjacent cavity. 